Ancient Greeks loved and respected their dogs, cherishing them as companions, protectors, and hunters, as evidenced by several dog tombstones discovered over the centuries.
The most well-known story of the relationship between ancient Greeks and their pet canines comes from Homer and his Odyssey. Written as early as circa 800 BC, it is a story of the unending loyalty of dogs to man.
Argos is the loyal friend of King Odysseus. His master finally returns home after being away on his adventure for twenty years and is not recognized by the hostile suitors who are vying to win the hand of Odysseus’s wife, Penelope. However, Argos recognizes his master and rises up from where he has been faithfully awaiting him, wagging his tail to greet him.
Odysseus could not hold back his tears, which he secretly wiped away. However, he is in disguise and is afraid that if he acknowledges the greeting, he will give away his true identity in front of the suitors. Argos tragically lies back down and dies.
The great philosopher Socrates himself saw wisdom in dogs. He claimed that dogs are true philosophers because they “distinguish the face of a friend and an enemy only by the criterion of knowing and not knowing.” He concluded that dogs desire to learn things because, by learning they determine what they like and what they do not like based upon knowledge of the truth.
Socrates claimed that dogs have learned who is a friend and who is not and, based on that knowledge, respond appropriately while human beings are often deceived as to who their true friends are.
The Philosopher Diogenes of Sinope, who lived from 412 to 323 BC, was called “the dog” by local society. This is where the name “cynic” derives from. As to why he was called a dog, Diogenes replied: “Because I fawn upon those who give me anything, and bark at those who give me nothing, and bite the rogues.”
How Ancient Greeks named their dogs
Ancient Greeks built the Parthenon, became philosophers, wrote the world’s greatest tragedies and comedies, and laid the foundations of Western civilization in general—yet, apparently, they had a hard time choosing names for their beloved dogs.
Nowadays, we usually just pick a name we like, which reminds us of something or has some pleasant meaning for us. At that time, however, there was a far more complex way of naming one’s dog.
According to Xenophon, dog names preferred by the Ancient Greeks were short, consisting of one, or, at most, two syllables. They also paid special attention to the meaning of the name of the dog, and no name was ever bestowed at random or on a whim.
The reason for this was that a dog’s name also affected the owner’s psychology. Hence, Ancient Greeks chose names which expressed courage, power, speed, appearance, or other material and spiritual values. The name Xenophon himself chose for his own dog was “Impetus” (Ορμή).
Atalanti, on the other hand, the famous huntress of Greek mythology, named her dog ‘Avra’ (meaning aura or breeze).
Other notable dog names of antiquity that we know of are Impetuous (Ορμητικός), Follower (Μεθέπων), The One Who Awakens You (Εγέρτης), Crow (Κόραξ), The Shining One (Λαμπρός), Good Shooter (Εύβολος), and, of course, Odysseus’ faithful dog Argos.
The list of dog names from antiquity was supplemented by Polydeuces, who also mentioned names such as White (Λευκός), Ink (Μελανός), Flower (Άνθος), Storm (Θύελλα), Hunter (Κυνηγός), Digger (Σκαφτιάς) and Guard (Φύλαξ).
Ancient Greeks’ love for dogs engraved forever on gravestones
After their loyal friend and companion departed from this world, Ancient Greeks were not afraid to express their grief for their loss, openly crying and mourning.
Greeks would bury their pets along the roadside in marked graves, and the entire ceremony for this was undertaken in a very solemn manner.
Archaeologists have uncovered countless epitaphs on tombstones dedicated by Greeks to their furry friends.
One gravestone reads: “This is the tomb of the dog, Stephanos, who perished, Whom Rhodope shed tears for and buried like a human. I am the dog Stephanos, and Rhodope set up a tomb for me.”
“Helena, foster child, soul without comparison and deserving of praise,” reads another. This particular epitaph shows that some Ancient Greeks, much like today, saw their dogs as their foster children.
In another example, a hunter mourned the female hound who had helped him hunt in the three Greek mountains mentioned on the tombstone: “Surely, even as you lie dead in this tomb, I deem the wild beasts yet fear your white bones, huntress Lycas; and your valor great Pelion knows, and splendid Ossa and the lonely peaks of Cithaeron.”
Another tombstone of a beloved family dog from Ancient Greece reads: “You who pass on this path, if you happen to see this monument, laugh not, I pray, though it is a dog’s grave. Tears fell for me, and the dust was heaped above me by a master’s hand.”